If you're calculating this on a form, perhaps have a combo that looks up the deduction. When chosen, a calculated control (textbox) on the form uses the the next column of the combo to calculate the deduction amount. This assumes that the next combo column contains the deduction factor. If this is all for the invoice total, then you'll need to store the deduction factor along with the rest of the invoice header fields. If it's to be based on line item basis, then store it in the line items table.
The more we hear silence, the more we begin to think about our value in this universe.
Paraphrase of Professor Brian Cox.