Yes, it certainly is possible to do this. You need a function to get you the name of the current user (see below, from the Access 2010 help).
Code:
'Access the GetUserNameA function in advapi32.dll and
' call the function GetUserName.
Declare Function GetUserName Lib "advapi32.dll" Alias "GetUserNameA" _
(ByVal lpBuffer As String, nSize As Long) As Long
' Main routine to retrieve user name.
Function GetLogonName() As String
' Dimension variables
Dim lpBuff As String * 255
Dim ret As Long
' Get the user name minus any trailing spaces found in the name.
ret = GetUserName(lpBuff, 255)
If ret > 0 Then
GetLogonName = Left(lpBuff, InStr(lpBuff, Chr(0)) - 1)
Else
GetLogonName = vbNullString
End If
End Function
Then, once you have the user name (I suggest you get it when the application is started, and keep it in a global variable), you can put code in your menu system to deactivate options that the current user is not allowed to perform.
There are several ways to do that; you can just not allow code to run, you can disable options, or you can make options not visible.