I am having the same problem, yesterday I was using Access 2010 (front end) which was linked to SharePoint 2010 List (back end). Everything worked fine until this morning when the IT dudes updated us to Access 2013 which now doesn't want to connect to our SharePoint 2010 List. I was able to find one work around by selecting the "Golden Square" (link-to-list in the table column) right click > and select Refresh List. I only have to do that once, but I have to do it each time I open the db.
I found this code as well that I will try to add to a button tomorrow at work...
Code:
Public Sub updateData()
CurrentDb.TableDefs("linked_table").RefreshLink
End Sub
Note: (replace "linked_table" name with your actual table name and keep the quotations)... I have no idea if this will work but I am going to try to it...
Good luck and let us know if this works for you, I will do the same.