If you are using a Form from which to enter data into your Treatment table, then you can put some validation code in the 'Save Record' button to make certain that the mix-ups you mention do not happen.
The code itself would be pretty simple if you're familiar with using VBA code.
If not, you can research the DLookup() function to start with and you can see how it can be used to take a value [Eg: ProviderName] from your Form and return a value [Eg: ProviderType] from the Providers table.
For example, if Bill was being entered to perform Surgery then you might have something like this:
Code:
If DLookup("ProviderType" , "Providers" , "ProviderName = 'NameOnForm'") = "Lab Technician" Then
MsgBox "Lab Technicians do not perform Surgery . . ."
End If
This line:
If DLookup("ProviderType" , "Providers" , "ProviderName = 'NameOnForm'") = "Lab Technician" Then
is saying:
If the value in the field "ProviderType" - in the Table "Providers" - where the ProviderName is the NameOnTheForm = "Lab Technician" Then display the Message Box.
This is just one way to get you started. I know I didn't directly answer about the relationships . . .