You can decipher which record a user selects on in a continuous form even if all controls are disabled, as long as there's a way to select or navigate to a record. That might only be the default record navigation on the left side of the form, or keyboard input. The form Current event can get the value of any field, which you can then use as criteria in an Update query. No check boxes or buttons are needed, although I suppose you'd need an input form to permit the user to edit only the fields you allow.
Alternatively, set the control(s) to be enabled but locked. Then they can be clicked on but not edited, thus you can know which control and what value it contains. I suppose there are many other ways to arrive at the desired result as well. Again, some type of edit form would be required.
The more we hear silence, the more we begin to think about our value in this universe.
Paraphrase of Professor Brian Cox.