Since you have a copy to play with, I suggest you compare all the property settings between a form that works (at least I think you're saying one does) with one that doesn't. If that's unclear I'm saying open the 2 forms in design view, make sure you can see the property sheet (see ribbon design tab) and start with comparing the controls that accept the dates between these 2 forms. If need be, compare the forms themselves. A person might have problems where the local date format doesn't conform to the requirements of Access (mm/dd/yyyy) without allowing for that but not to the extent you describe.
You could also post a db copy (compacted and zipped) here because I suspect this will be something that won't be easy for you to find.
The more we hear silence, the more we begin to think about our value in this universe.
Paraphrase of Professor Brian Cox.