We can't do what you ask given what you posted. What's missing is, where do all the extra values come from that you're trying to add? You need to understand and learn how to concatenate, which is what your coworker did. Consider everything in what you were given and take it in chunks between the double quotation marks:
"INSERT INTO ApproverQueue (TR_id, clock) VALUES (" & TR_ID & ",'" & Approver_Clock & "')"
The ampersand (&) is used to concatenate text (like + sign for numbers) but it doesn't become part of the string. I will use the + sign only to show where the concatenation takes place:
INSERT INTO ApproverQueue (TR_id, clock) VALUES ( + TR_ID + ,' + Approver_Clock + ')
The beginning and ending double quotes serve to 'wrap' the entire string within double quotes. Properly written, there should always be related pairs. So Access receives the above as
"INSERT INTO ApproverQueue (TR_id, clock) VALUES (TR_ID ,'Approver_Clock')"
IF a value being passed is text data type (which your statement tells me Approver_Clock is text), the value must be in quotes. Simply adding a single double quote character (") at that point will cause an error since it will look like the construct is terminated somewhere that you don't want it to be. While there are other ways of handling this, nesting single quote marks within double quote marks is the easiest to handle and read.
Lastly, where you intend to use this matters greatly. If in a vba procedure, you might get away with referring to TR_ID like that, although I consider it to be risky and somewhat sloppy as it could refer to a field or control or variable. Hopefully Access gets it right. If this is being constructed to use in a query, or a code procedure that creates a query for the query collection, then it will never work. The query side of Access and the side that contains vba code, forms and reports aren't fully exposed to each other. A reference like Forms!frmYourFormName.YourControlName might be needed.
The more we hear silence, the more we begin to think about our value in this universe.
Paraphrase of Professor Brian Cox.